The current Vertical Block Exemption Regulation (VBER) entered into force on 1 June 2010 and will expire on 31 May 2022 together with the Guidelines on Vertical Restraints. Therefore, the European Commission has started the evaluation process of existing legislation to propose a new, revised version of the VBER. In September 2020, the Commission Staff Working Document was published, outlining the main directions for reform, including the need to adopt the VBER to the challenges related to the growth of e-commerce…

The Internet as we know it today has largely been shaped by the Directive on electronic commerce adopted in 2000, also known as the e-Commerce Directive. Since then, online platforms have been brought to life, e-commerce has developed, and social media have emerged, and along with them new challenges related to how the Internet is used. To respond to these challenges, the European Commission has recently launched a number of legislative initiatives, including the Digital Services Act, referred to as DSA…

The European Emissions Trading Scheme cannot be considered as operating in accordance with the idea of a free market. The foundations of its operation artificially limit the supply of allowances. On the demand side, financial investors are free to take advantage of the fact that part of the buyers of EUA require them to run a business operations. The allowances have no price cap, as the penalty for emission without allowances does not release the allowance from the obligation to settle it…