Position Paper on the Extension of
Autonomous Trade Measures for Ukraine

European The European Enterprise Alliance and Union of Entrepreneurs and Employers (ZPP) present our position on the Extension of Autonomous Trade Measures for Ukraine. We emphasise the importance of these measures in enhancing economic cooperation, fostering resilience, and promoting sustainable development between the EU and Ukraine.

Background Autonomous Trade Measures (ATMs) have been pivotal tools employed by the European Union (EU) since June 4, 2022, as part of the ATM Regulation 2022/870, set to last for one year. These measures encompass a comprehensive removal of import duties on industrial products, including the complete elimination of all tariffrate quotas on agricultural and food products. Additionally, the EU has abolished entry prices on fruit and vegetables and suspended all trade defence measures, notably anti-dumping duties and safeguards, particularly applied to steel products. Moreover, the EU has taken additional steps to streamline transportation and border control for Ukraine’s exports. Specifically, it has temporarily liberalized freight transportation by road between the EU and Ukraine, eliminating the need for permits, a measure extended until June 30, 2024. Furthermore, Ukraine’s accession to the Common Transit Convention in October 2022 has simplified customs transit procedures between the EU and Ukraine, facilitating smoother trade operations. On February 23, the European Commission proposed a pivotal decision to extend the regulation governing Autonomous Trade Measures (ATMs) for another year, and on March 20, the Council and Parliament reached a deal to renew the EU’s autonomous trade measures for Ukraine until 5 June 2025. Ukraine’s trade landscape has been profoundly impacted by the ongoing invasion of Russia, necessitating further support to mitigate economic losses and bolster resilience. The economic toll of Russia’s aggression against Ukraine has been staggering, with the Ukrainian economy shrinking by approximately one-third and exports plummeting by 35.1% in 2022 compared to the previous year. This decline translated to a staggering $24 billion reduction in foreign currency revenue for Ukraine in 2022. Particularly hard-hit was the iron and steel industry, which experienced a 67.5% reduction in export supplies, amounting to $9.4 billion less in exports compared to the previous year. Other sectors, including ore exports, chemicals, machinery, and electronic equipment, also witnessed significant declines. Amidst these challenges, Ukraine’s reliance on agricultural and food exports has surged during wartime, accounting for more than half of all critically needed export revenues. However, even as agricultural and food products gained prominence, total exports in this sector declined by 15.5% or $4.3 billion in 2022. The conflict has also disrupted Ukraine’s key export routes, particularly through the blockade of Black Sea ports by Russia, and inflicted significant damage on production facilities and critical infrastructure, exacerbating the economic strain on Ukrainian producers. Internal and external supply chain disruptions, coupled with shortages of critical imports and rising production and logistics costs, have further compounded the challenges faced by Ukrainian exporters, threatening their profitability and competitiveness in global markets. Despite these adversities, Ukraine has witnessed a remarkable recovery in exports to the EU, which surpassed pre-invasion levels by the end of 2022. The EU emerged as Ukraine’s principal trading partner, with exports to the EU accounting for 63% of Ukraine’s total exports in 2022. Notably, the growth of agri-food exports to the EU played a pivotal role in this recovery, with exports increasing by more than $5.2 billion, driven by factors such as logistics problems, high freight and insurance costs, and increased demand in the EU due to a drought affecting Rue d’Arlon 46 EnterpriseNumber Belgium EU Transparency Register enterprisealliance.eu 1000 Bruxelles 0733.737.395 329556137684-27 many regions of Europe. Temporary trade-liberalization measures, including the suspension of tariff rate quotas (TRQs), have played a crucial role in facilitating Ukrainian exports to the EU, providing Ukrainian products with a competitive edge in European markets. However, challenges persist, as evidenced by the need for compromise solutions between the Commission and EU member states to address concerns regarding the impact of Ukrainian mports on local markets. While the EU’s continued support signals its commitment to Ukraine, the risk of prolonged or new import restrictions underscores the uncertainties and pressures faced by Ukrainian agri-food producers amidst the evolving trade dynamics. Ukraine, endowed with fertile agricultural land and a favourable climate, holds significant potential as a supplier of agrifood products to the EU market. With its vast agricultural resources, Ukraine has emerged as one of the world’s leading exporters of commodities such as grains, oilseeds, and sunflower oil. Furthermore, the country’s agrifood sector has demonstrated a commitment to sustainable agricultural practices, aligning with the EU’s objectives regarding environmental protection and food safety standards.

Key Points for Consideration

Strengthening connectivity between Ukraine and the EU is imperative Ensuring the smooth operation and enhancing the capacity of the Solidarity Lanes are crucial for facilitating the transit of Ukraine’s agricultural and non-agricultural exports to both global markets and EU member states, particularly during wartime. Urgent investment is needed to improve EU-Ukraine road, rail, and river connections, deepen river canals, expand transport resources, upgrade EU-Ukraine border infrastructure, construct transshipment terminals, and augment grain and food storage facilities in Eastern European nations. These initiatives aim to streamline transit operations across these countries and bolster the resilience of Ukraine’s export channels. While alternative routes cannot fully substitute Ukrainian seaports currently under Russian occupation, they have contributed to diversifying Ukraine’s export routes, reducing Kyiv’s reliance on the grain agreement and seaport routes, and mitigating Russia’s control over shipping Ukraine’s exports. With Russia’s withdrawal from the grain agreement, the importance of the Solidarity Lanes has significantly increased for Ukraine’s trade. Expanding the Solidarity Lanes, extending European Transport Corridors (TEN-T) into Ukraine, and advancing the Ukrainian segment of the TEN-T network is pivotal for Ukraine’s post-war recovery and deeper integration into the EU Single Market. Improving connectivity and interoperability of transportation systems in Ukraine and the EU is also vital for enhancing the effectiveness and resilience of EU food supply chains. These endeavours will benefit Ukraine, the EU, and global food security while fostering stronger economic ties and fostering stability in the region.

Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) Considerations

The implementation of Autonomous Trade Measures and Temporary Trade Liberalization must consider the implications for the EU’s Common Agricultural Policy (CAP). Increased imports of Ukrainian agrifood products present an opportunity for the EU to diversify its sources and enhance food security. Moreover, access to highquality Ukrainian agricultural products can benefit European consumers by offering a wider variety of choices at competitive prices. However, it is crucial to ensure that such imports do not unduly harm domestic agricultural producers within the EU. Therefore, policymakers should explore mechanisms to support EU farmers in adapting to increased competition while preserving market stability, maintaining income support mechanisms, and upholding environmental and animal welfare standards.

Data and Impact Assessment

Robust data collection and impact assessments are essential for understanding the potential effects of increased Ukrainian agri-food imports on the EU market. Comprehensive analysis should consider factors such as production volumes, market prices, employment trends, and environmental impacts. 

Market Access and Regulatory Alignment

Enhancing market access for Ukrainian agrifood products requires alignment with EU regulatory standards and certification requirements. Close cooperation between Ukrainian authorities and EU regulatory agencies is essential to ensure compliance with food safety, phytosanitary, and quality standards. By promoting regulatory alignment and mutual recognition agreements, policymakers can facilitate seamless trade flows and enhance consumer confidence in Ukrainian agri-food products. Moreover, fostering a collaborative regulatory environment can promote regulatory convergence and facilitate trade partnerships based on mutual trust and respect for international standards. 

Conclusion

The extension of Trade Liberalization represents a significant opportunity for both Ukraine and the European Union to enhance economic cooperation and foster mutual prosperity. By leveraging Ukraine’s agricultural potential and addressing concerns related to market stability, environmental sustainability, and regulatory compliance, the EU can strengthen its partnership with Ukraine and create opportunities for economic growth and development. As partners in progress, the EU and Ukraine must work collaboratively to realize the shared vision of a prosperous and interconnected agricultural sector. The European Enterprise Alliance and Union of Entrepreneurs and Employers stand ready to support and advocate for policies that promote a sustainable and mutually beneficial trade relationship between the EU and Ukraine.

Bibliography

Taran, Svitlana. EU-Ukraine Wartime Trade: Overcoming Difficulties, Forging a European Path. European Policy Centre, 21 Aug. 2023. Proposal for a REGULATION of the EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT and of the COUNCIL on Temporary Trade Liberalisation Supplementing Trade Concessions Applicable to Ukrainian Products under the Association Agreement between the European Union and the European Atomic Energy Community and Their Member States, of the One Part, and Ukraine, of the Other Part. 23 Feb. 2024.

 

See more: Position Paper on the Extension of Autonomous Trade Measures for Ukraine

Brussels, 4 March 2024 

Position Paper on Electricity Report by IEA

 

European Enterprise Alliance and the Union of Entrepreneurs and Employers (ZPP) affirm their stance on the pivotal role of electricity reforms in the European Union. Committed to fostering a resilient and forward-thinking energy landscape, the European Enterprise Alliance stands in collective support of initiatives aimed at enhancing the efficiency and sustainability of the electricity market while ensuring economic stability.

Background

The European electricity market witnessed significant developments and reforms in 2023, driven by economic conditions, policy changes, technological advancements, and environmental concerns according to the report published by the International Energy Agency (IEA)[1]. What can be taken from the Report for the EU?

Electricity Demand and Generation Trends:

Across Europe, electricity demand experienced a decline in 2023, primarily due to slowdowns in manufacturing and industrial activities. While this trend was evident continent-wide, specific countries displayed varying patterns in electricity consumption. Notably, Portugal, Croatia, Cyprus, Malta, Ireland, Denmark, and Norway bucked the overall trend, witnessing increases in electricity usage. Although Germany experienced a decrease in electricity demand in 2023, largely attributed to weak industrial activity. However, signs of recovery are evident, particularly in the industrial sector, fueled by the increasing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) and heat pumps. In parallel, the role of renewables is poised to expand, with coal and gas-fired generation witnessing declines. Similar to Germany, Italy observed a decrease in electricity demand in 2023.

Nevertheless, the country saw growth in renewable generation and intensified its focus on energy efficiency projects and renewable energy initiatives. Italy aims to surpass a 50% share of renewables in total generation by 2024. Overall, Despite the overall decline in demand, renewable energy generation continued to grow, offsetting reductions in fossil-fired power generation.

European Union Electricity Market Reform:

Recognizing the need for comprehensive reform, the European Union embarked on a journey to revamp its electricity market in 2023. The reform aimed to mitigate price volatility, safeguard consumer interests, and adapt the energy system for higher renewable energy penetration. It introduced measures such as promoting power purchase agreements (PPAs), ensuring freedom of choice for energy providers, and facilitating energy-sharing schemes for self-consumption. Additionally, provisions were established to protect energy-vulnerable communities and establish backup suppliers during crises.

Renewable Energy Directive and Grid Development:

In tandem with market reforms, the European Union adopted the new Renewable Energy Directive (RED III) to accelerate the integration of renewable energy sources. Setting ambitious targets, RED III aimed for a renewable energy share of 42.5% by 2030, with aspirations to reach 45%. The directive seeks to expedite the approval of new renewable projects and increase renewable energy utilization across transport, industry, and buildings. Furthermore, the EU Action Plan for Grids highlighted the indispensable role of electricity grids in supporting decentralisation, digitalisation, and flexibility initiatives. Amid these overarching reforms, France experienced a resurgence in nuclear power generation in 2023, overcoming challenges in supply dynamics. Concurrently, renewable energy witnessed growth, contributing to decreased gas burn in the power sector. To further bolster renewable energy deployment, the French government passed the Renewable Acceleration Bill, aimed at easing the deployment of renewable technologies.

Policy Recommendations for Strengthening Energy Security in the European Union

The European Union should prioritize diversifying its energy sources to reduce reliance on external suppliers and enhance energy security. The IEA’s 2024 electricity report underscores the importance of this recommendation, highlighting the risks associated with dependency on external sources, particularly fossil fuels.

EU can leverage its renewable energy potential and invest in domestic renewable energy production. For instance, countries like Germany and Spain have made significant strides in renewable energy deployment, with wind and solar power contributing substantially to their electricity generation mix. By promoting energy efficiency measures and incentivizing the adoption of renewable energy technologies, the EU can reduce its reliance on fossil fuels and transition towards a more sustainable and resilient energy system.

Moreover, exploring alternative energy sources such as hydrogen and nuclear energy can further diversify the EU’s energy mix and enhance energy security. Countries like France, with its extensive nuclear energy infrastructure, serve as examples of successful nuclear energy deployment. However, careful consideration should be given to safety and environmental concerns associated with nuclear energy, highlighting the importance of robust regulatory frameworks and technological innovation in ensuring safe and sustainable nuclear energy production.

Cross-border cooperation in infrastructure development is also essential for enhancing resilience and promoting energy security in the EU. By investing in interconnection projects and cross-border transmission lines, the EU can improve energy market integration and facilitate the exchange of electricity between member states. Initiatives like the North Sea Wind Power Hub, which aims to create a network of interconnected offshore wind farms in the North Sea, demonstrate the potential of cross-border collaboration in advancing renewable energy deployment and strengthening energy security.

Conclusion

The European electricity market underwent significant transformations in 2023, characterized by declining demand, increasing renewable energy penetration, and comprehensive market reforms. As countries across Europe transition towards a cleaner and more sustainable energy future, continued investment in renewable energy, grid infrastructure, and policy initiatives will be crucial to achieving long-term energy objectives. it is crucial to highlight the significant potential of the Baltic Sea for offshore wind energy projects, exemplified by initiatives such as Baltic Power and the ongoing construction of PGE Baltica. The emerging opportunities for renewable energy development in the region are highlighted by this project and emphasizing the need to strengthen the European Union’s supply chain to support ambitious ventures is essential for advancing the continent’s sustainability goals. Additionally, advocating for streamlined revisions in the renewable energy sources (RES) auction framework, as outlined in the Net Zero Industry Act, is vital for creating an environment conducive to innovation and investment. Recognizing and harnessing the Baltic Sea’s potential for offshore wind energy and advocating for systemic reforms will enable the European Union to pave the way for a resilient and sustainable energy future.

European Enterprise Alliance and the Union of Entrepreneurs and Employers envision a stable, resilient, and sustainable electricity sector. The IEA Report on Electricity underscores the pivotal role of concerted efforts in achieving these aspirations, ensuring a future aligned with Europe’s economic and environmental goals. As we navigate these critical steps, the EU and its member states should act decisively to foster the development of policies and initiatives outlined in the IEA Report to secure a sustainable electrification future.

[1] “Electricity 2024 – Analysis.” IEA, Jan. 2024, www.iea.org/reports/electricity-2024.

 

See more: 04.03.2024 Position Paper of ZPP and EEA on Electricity Report by IEA